Jeff Malka's
SephardicGen
Resources
Who are the Sephardim?
A Brief History (cont.)
(Links for other sections of this website at bottom of page)
Conversos & Expulsion
Conversos, converts to Christianity, were a mixed bag. Many were
voluntary and of true conviction and often these converts became
the most zealous persecutors of the Jews. Many more converted,
often as a gesture otherwise meaningless to them, because it was
beneficial to their careers and position in court. Still others
went to their deaths in the thousands condemned to burn at the
stake for refusing conversion. Sad stories abound about families
condemned to burn alive where mothers threw their children into the
fire before jumping to follow them to avoid their conversion. Finally there were the forced conversions, the anusim. Being involuntary these converts clung to their Judaism in secret and became known as crypto Jews.
In 1391 C.E. vicious riots broke out in Seville, Valencia and other
Spanish cities causing many Jewish deaths. Preachers such as
Ferrer roamed the country stirring up mobs who looted and
terrorized the Jews. A forced debate was held in 1431 between
learned Jews and Jeronimo de la Santa Fe who 2 years after his conversion (as a Jew he was Joshua Harlorki) had risen to become the right hand of Pope Boniface XIII. The debate was designed to prove conclusively that Jesus was the Messiah and was declared to have done so.
The combination of debate, restrictive laws and persecution caused such
demoralization of Spanish Jewry that thousands accepted baptism.
The Jewish aristocracy was particularly encouraged to convert
because they were needed to continue their traditional roles as
counsellors to the government. Since the Jewish aristocracy was
largely secular at the time, great numbers did accept baptism but maintained old
traditions, such as not eating pork and similar. Many of them married
extensively into the Spanish nobility where their wealth was a
great asset to historic but empovrished nobility. Parodies appeared
calling conversos alboracos because, Alborak the magic steed that
transported Mohammad to Heaven was "neither a horse nor a mule", it resembled
these conversos who were neither Jews nor Christians.
Though the clergy had felt that if Jews were converted to Catholicism their problems would be over, the over taxed, economically deprived Castillian peasantry, envious
of Jews because of their economic and social success, noted no
great change in their living conditions after the conversions.
Gradually the anger with monarchs which had been deflected to their
Jewish surrogates extended to the rulers themselves especially
after a couple of particularly ineffective monarchs and a civil war
between feuding half brothers.
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The Inquisition
The story of how Isabella maneuvered herself to become Queen of
Castile and chose Ferdinand of Aragon to marry instead of the
elderly King of Portugal is beyond the space available here but
well worth looking up.
As Queen, Isabella took over a lawless Castile with a defiant
nobility, widespread banditry, impoverished royal coffers and
openly debautious clergy. Within 3-4 years she had turned things
around and established order and central authority in all of these
areas. Her marriage with Ferdinand (Machivelli's Prince) combined
Aragon with Castile into the most powerful state in Europe.
Isabella was not initially antisemitic but she was devout and under
the influence of her confessor, Torquemada, himself of converso
origin, who taught her to hate heretic behavior. When she was convinced by Dominicans that many conversos retained Jewish behavior or beliefs she agreed to
instituting the Inquisition in Seville in 1481 and then in other
cities. It did not hurt that her coffers were empty and that the
Conversos were among the wealthiest and most powerful group in the
land. The planned war to conquer the last Moorish kingdom of
Granada needed large funds that the Inquisition conveniently provided.
From a religious exercise the Inquisition rapidly became racial.
Limpieza and untainted blood became the issue despite Ferdinand's
own converso grandmother. The nobility, most of which had
intermarried with conversos were terrorized and powerless against
the power of the Inquisition and the Crown. Not much proof was
needed to accuse someone of judaizing, and simultaneously proving
one's own piety while settling old scores.
Many of the conversos were extremely prominent, wealthy,
governors and intermarried with the highest nobility. They could not at first believe that these actions could affect people of their calibre but they were
sadly mistaken. The Inquisition, backed by the monarchy was too powerful. Accusing hundreds of fellow conversos of judaizing was encouraged by the Inquisitors as a way to possibly save oneself from the flames, thus pitting one against the other.
The accused, sometimes for trivial reasons such as wearing clean
clothes on Fridays, were taken during the night without warning and
not seen again until their auto-da-fe. Under torture confessions
came readily. Their property was confiscated, part going to
support the Inquisition, part to the Queen and part to build
churches and monasteries. Punishment could consist in being burned
alive (to avoid the shedding of blood). Others had hands cut off
before being burned or quartered. Mercy was shown to some by
strangling them before being burnt. The lucky ones were deprived
of all property, prohibited from government and other offices and
ordered to wear the sanbenito for the rest of their lives. At
their death their sanbenito was prominently displayed in the local
church as perpetual reminders. Some can still be found in Spanish churches today.
Aware that many conversos did in fact practice Judaism in secret,
rabbis and Jews were ordered to report Jewish activities of
conversos or suffer death themselves. If conversos were heretics,
Jews were the root cause of the heresy and needed to be removed so
as to avoid contaminating good Catholics. The old blood libel of
Jews murdering Christian children and using their blood for
Passover was resurrected. Jews were demonized by quoting the
gospel of John in which he stated Jews were the children of the
devil while Christians were the children of God.
In 1490 a 19 year old Jew (Yuce Franco), his 80 yr old father (Ca)
and some conversos were accused by the Inquisition of having
murdered a Christian boy and used his heart for magical spells
against Christianity. No crime date was given, no child was
reported missing, no body ever found ("it went to heaven with his
soul") and the confessions obtained under torture did not
correlate. They were burnt alive in November 1491. The accusation
of both Jews and conversos was not accidental and the case was
publicized throughout Spain and used to build up momentum for
expulsing the Jews.
Despite obvious fabrication, the story of the "Nino de La Guardia"
continues to be taught as factual in high schools in Spain to this day, and it is found in
the 70 volume Spanish Encyclopedia Espasa Calpe. It therefore remains a
basis for fueling popular antisemitism in Spain. Details and names were
subsequently added to the story over time and a church consecrated to the "nino
santo".
In 1492 the expulsion edict was announced. Jews had 2 months to
leave Spain or embrace Catholicism. No gold or jewels
could be taken out of Spain. Catholics were forbidden to receive Jewish
property which was therefore confiscated by the state. Thousands of Jews were
hurriedly baptized. Others left for North Africa, France or Portugal.
Columbus started his journey within 2 days of the expulsion deadline on ships
manned largely by conversos. Jewish cemeteries in Spain were ploughed
under and synagogues destroyed or converted to churches or
pigsties. The edict of expulsion was not repealed until Dec 1968.
The limpieza de sangre racial laws excluding descendants of
conversos from jobs and academies remained in force, some into the
XX century with many discovering their converso ancestry only when they
were refused jobs after a mandated genealogy search.
In 1497 Portugal expelled its Jews too. Under the guise of the expulsion many were forcibly baptised en masse at Lisbon harbor to prevent their leaving the country. Spain's and Portugal's Inquisitions spread to
their colonies where many of the conversos had fled to. The Inquisition continued
for 350 years into the nineteenth century. It's last victim was a
woman burnt at the stake in 1821 for allegedly having sex with the
devil and producing eggs that prophecised the future. Crypto Jews
continued for generations in South America, Mexico, New Mexico,
etc. where some are found to this day.
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After the Expulsion
As many visitors who have written to me have noticed, I have found it difficult to write this last section. The reason is that there is
so much to write that I feel this part deserves much more space and time than I have available here.
The travails of Spanish Jews as they sought refuge wherever they could, their persistent
identification for generations with the land they still considered home is a unique and fascinating story. Deprived of their possessions, often murdered on ships for whatever little they had left, their travels took them to nearby
North Africa, Italy, the
Ottoman empire whose sultan welcomed them ("if the Spanish soverain is foolish enough to expel his Jews, his loss will be our gain"), and the frontier edges of the
New World in their attempt to flee the Inquisition which followed them wherever it could.
The
crypto-Jews, in the
New World, in
Spain and
Portugal, in
Majorca and elsewhere, some of whom retained the memory of their Judaism over five centuries to this day and co-incidentally (?)
only marrying among other crypto-Jewish families, is another fascinating chapter in the history of Sephardic Jews as is the history of the
Inquisition in the New World..
The impact of Sephardic Jews were very significant wherever they settled, both
culturally and in economic development. Their participation in the
travels of exploration, both Spanish and Portuguese, from
Christopher Colombus who may well have been a crypto Jew himself to
Francisco de Albuquerque and many others was profound and their
acknowledged preeminence in map making and
navigating -
the reasons for which are themselves a fascinating story - made them the
ship navigators on most ship travels of their time, usually as "new Christians". Those that settled in
Muslim lands tended to share the
cultural decline of the countries they resided in. Others mostly in
Holland and the
New World prospered and grew to new heights. The involvement of Sephardic Jews, mostly from
Morocco, in the
development of the Amazon and its
rubber trade is another intriguing and little known chapter in the history of these Sephardim as is the impact of Sephardic Jews in the development of
Holland as a world wide banking and sea-going world power.
One day I will find the time to try and do this vast story justice. In the meanwhile the interested reader is encouraged to read some of the
books I have listed on the
main Sephardic Genealogy page.
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